The election of members of Fatah's parliament and its central committee beginning Friday will signal the direction the oldest Palestinian party will take at a time when Abbas is weakened by his own unpopularity and internal dissent.
Abbas's Fatah opens first congress since 2009
Palestinian president Mahmud Abbas's Fatah party opened its first congress in seven years Tuesday as the 81-year-old seeks to fend off opponents while talk of who will eventually succeed him mounts.
Mahmud Abbas's position as head of the Fatah movement is not threatened and the ageing elader has said he has no intention of stepping aside anytime soon
Abbas, whose position as party head is not threatened at the congress, will give an address at 6 pm (1600 GMT) on Tuesday. Some 1,400 delegates are expected.
While the ageing leader has said he has no intention of stepping aside anytime soon, talk of who will eventually succeed him as Palestinian president has intensified. He has not publicly designated a successor.
Some analysts see the congress as an attempt by Abbas to marginalise political opponents, including longtime rival Mohammed Dahlan, currently in exile in the United Arab Emirates.
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Jibril Rajoub, a former intelligence chief, current head of the Palestinian Football Association and Fatah central committee member, said it will also provide an opportunity to update the party's structures.
"The system from the 1960s no longer works in 2016," he told AFP.
"We have to take into account the current circumstances. The current system was created when we were in the diaspora and we are now on national soil. It was put in place at a revolutionary stage. Now we have a state."
Saeb Erekat, Palestine Liberation Organisation secretary general and Fatah central committee member, said the congress will allow the party to "choose leaders for the next stage."
Stalled peace efforts
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But the congress also comes at a difficult time for the push to create a Palestinian state, with the cause having been overshadowed by other crises in the region.
The incoming Donald Trump administration in the United States has also signalled its policies will be far more favourable to Israel, likely vetoing UN Security Council resolutions on the conflict it opposes.
Peace efforts have been at a complete standstill since a US-led initiative collapsed in April 2014.
Israel is concerned that US President Barack Obama may take some sort of action related to the conflict before he leaves office in January, but his intentions remain unclear.
In an op-ed published in the New York Times on Tuesday, former US president Jimmy Carter called on Obama to recognise a Palestinian state before his term is up.
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The congress also comes with Fatah and its Islamist rival Hamas, in power in the Gaza Strip, still deeply divided. Fatah dominates the Palestinian Authority, which runs the Israeli-occupied West Bank.
Israel has prevented dozens of Fatah members in Gaza, which is under an Israeli blockade, from attending the conference, said party spokesman Mahmud Abu al-Hija.
Israeli authorities did not immediately respond to a request for comment. Israel controls all borders of the Palestinian territories apart from the Gaza-Egypt frontier.
Abu al-Hija said an objective of the congress, due to run at least five days, is to determine how to act in the face of stalled peace negotiations.
Peace initiatives being promoted by France and Arab nations will be discussed, as will the possibility of introducing a UN Security resolution against Israeli settlement building in the West Bank.
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Fatah is the main component of the PLO, created in 1964 in Jerusalem, which brought together the main Palestinian nationalist movements of that time.
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