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The court in the Russian capital found Denis Chuprikov guilty of theft of valuable items.
In January, Chuprikov took the painting off the wall in Moscow's Tretyakov gallery -- home to some of Russia's most storied art -- and strolled out past visitors and security.
He took a Crimean landscape by Russian artist Arkhip Kuindzhi and carried it through a room filled with visitors, CCTV cameras showed.
He then drove off with the oil painting but was arrested the next morning in a village outside Moscow.
Chuprikov admitted hiding the art work at a construction site from where it was recovered. He denied any wrongdoing at the time.
The painting, depicting the Ai-Petri mountain in Crimea, was completed between 1898 and 1908.
The security incident was the second to hit the gallery within a year, when a man slashed a painting by Ilya Repin depicting Tsar Ivan the Terrible after he killed his son.