Christine Negroni

The 15-story tower is a beloved landmark. It is also one of many extra-large exhibits at Carillon Historical Park, a 65-acre open-air museum focusing on technology and innovation.

Open-air museums, as their name implies, display their collections outdoors, often because of the size of the artifacts — though there is a wide variety in subject matter. A museum in Japan features a hotel entrance and lobby. In Germany, prehistoric homes can be toured.

While the size of the exhibits can be jaw-dropping, the museums are not simply guardians of the tangible. Their curators say they are demonstrating the birth of an idea, acknowledging a developmental pivot point or preserving an era.

— Greenfield Village

Opened in 1929, Greenfield Village in suburban Detroit is actually just one part of a complex of museums and schools assembled by Henry Ford (and known together as the Henry Ford). The village is arranged like a small American town, using historic buildings, vehicles and equipment collected from all over the United States.

The 83 large artifacts in the museum demonstrate America’s transition from agriculture to industry, and highlight the history of the people who designed, worked or lived in them.

“Ford wanted to remember the hard work and values of creating a country like America, and he wanted those to be preserved so people could learn from them,” said Patricia Mooradian, the president of the Henry Ford.

For example, the tenacity required to endure and challenge slavery is explained through audio recordings of slave stories, piped into the small cottages where they lived on South Carolina’s Hermitage Plantation.

Visitors can tour Thomas Edison’s Menlo Park laboratory and see how the inventor’s first experimental electric-lighting system was put into use at the Sarah Jordan boarding house, where his lab workers lived.

Exhibits like these “provide a unique immersive educational experience,” Mooradian said. “Don’t ignore the power of an artifact. When I can put my hands on something, that memory stays with me.”

Visitors can interact with the exhibits by watching wool be spun or by moving around the village in a historic steam train. Sometimes, museum presenters explain the artifacts using iPads and other technology and prod people to consider how they, too, can contribute to society.

“Our whole museum is about the future,” Mooradian said. So when visitors are impressed by someone in the past, “they can think, ‘I can do that, too.'”

— Carillon Historical Park

Greenfield Village may also own the original home of Orville and Wilbur Wright, Dayton’s most famous sons, but Carillon Historical Park has the 1905 Wright Flyer III, the brothers’ first “practical airplane."

In addition to the Wright brothers, there were many others in Dayton who played important roles in the industrialization of America. They called themselves the “Barn Gang” because they worked in the backyard barn of the engineer and inventor Edward Deeds. That barn, now part of the museum, was the workshop for ideas like car ignitions and refrigerators and calculators.

The Wright Flyer III, which is a national landmark, is perhaps the museum’s most famous exhibit. But the exhibition space is important as well because figuring out how to show it off was also Orville Wright’s idea. He designed the circular structure that gives visitors a 360-degree view of the Flyer.

“It was the world’s first pilot’s last project,” said Alex Heckman, vice president for museum operations.

In another tribute to the longevity of some inventions, a 150-year-old brewery at the park still makes beer using original methods and serves food — so the exhibit does double duty as the museum cafe.

— Skogar Museum

The recorded history of Iceland spans more than a millennium, but its transition from an agricultural feudal state to modern society was compressed into just seven decades.

“For 1,000 years, daily life basically did not change much,” said Andri Gudmundsson, the managing director of the Skogar Museum on Iceland’s southern coast.

His open-air museum features several reconstructed turf homes — rustic stone and sod-roofed dwellings that Icelanders repeatedly rebuilt and reused for centuries.

Residents and tourists “are often dumbfounded and fascinated” by the homes, Gudmundsson said, often finding it “hard to believe people used to survive here in these conditions.”

During the concentrated period of development that began after World War II, thousands of turf homes were destroyed, according to Sigurjon Baldur Hafsteinsson, a professor of museum studies at the University of Iceland. This was not only to make way for modern buildings but also because Icelanders were embarrassed by the difference between Iceland and other European cultures with multiple layers of developmental history.

“Today I would say that opinions of Icelanders are changing toward a more favorable appreciation,” Hafsteinsson said. Now, turf homes tell a story of the rugged resiliency of the nation’s Viking descendants.

— Pfahlbaumuseum Unteruhldingen

Thousands of years ago, people lived in wooden cabins perched above lakes in areas that are now Germany and Switzerland. Scientists believe that the homes were constructed on a foundation of wooden piles driven into the lake bed.

The remnants of these lake homes and other artifacts from 4,000 to 850 B.C. are part of the five-acre, open-air Pfahlbaumuseum Unteruhldingen, also known as the Lake Dwelling Museum, on Germany’s Lake Constance. Twenty reconstructed lake homes depict life in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages.

A walk along the elevated footpath above the lake allows visitors to get a feel for life in this prehistoric community. In 2006, two German families got a chance to do more than use their imaginations: They were invited to move in for two months as part of the television series “Stone Age — The Experiment.”

In an article addressing the educational value of the museum, Gunter Schöbel, the museum’s director, said, “Dry scientific data are not themselves appealing to the public.

“A visitor these days is able to discriminate between an artificial theme park and the authenticity of an open-air museum that explains the present through the reality of the past.”

— Museum Meiji-mura

While many of the 67 buildings on exhibit at the Museum Meiji-mura in Inuyama, Japan, are huge, the museum focuses on a narrow but important four-decade slice of history, beginning with the fall of the feudal shogun era. The museum’s focus is the evolution of Japan’s social, political and technological changes as seen through its architecture from 1868 to 1912.

The most significant artifact, according to Souichirou Inouse, a spokesman for the museum, is the entrance hall and lobby of the Imperial Hotel, which opened in 1923 and was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright.

As Japan’s traditional wood structures gave way to stone and brick construction, the Imperial Hotel, made of concrete and lava stone, was defining Japan’s modern skyline. The hotel is “a piece of architecture that symbolizes Japan’s modern era,” Inouse said.

The story of change demonstrated in factories, bridges, schools and even the 1907 gate of a prison is told alongside more humble structures like barbershops and bathhouses. Rumbling by all of this are Meiji-era electric streetcars from Kyoto that transport visitors on their day trip through Japan’s recent past.

This article originally appeared in <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/12/arts/open-air-museums.html" id="7f78097a-adff-3fa0-ae0c-eebf0be9090e">The New York Times</a>.

DAYTON, Ohio — Every Sunday from May to October, Larry Weinstein plays music for people here in Dayton, on the towering Deeds Carillon, which rises above the city’s south side. Suspended between four limestone columns, the carillon’s 57 bells cover two octaves and play in response to Weinstein’s touch on a keyboard.

Everything Is Bigger at Open-Air Museums

It was just after midnight on D-Day, and he was carrying 18 Allied paratroopers to the area behind Omaha Beach. The sky was full of planes that night as the young pilot encountered gunfire and nearly collided with a church before making his way back to England.

“I didn’t know a lot and boy, I learned in a hurry, I can tell you that,” said Hamilton, who grew up in Tuxedo, New York.

Hamilton — now 96 years old and living in Prescott, Arizona — was back in a World War II troop carrier on Saturday, this time flying as a passenger in a formation flight over New York City with more than a dozen warbirds. The planes roared down the Hudson River and around the Statue of Liberty before returning for the night to Waterbury-Oxford Airport in Connecticut.

The attention-getting display was a final practice run for owners of the historic aircraft, who left Sunday to fly to Europe together as the “D-Day Squadron.”

The Douglas DC-3 aircraft and C-47 Dakota transports are headed on a weeklong, trans-Atlantic flight culminating June 5, when the pilots will meet up with a dozen European Dakotas and together cross the English Channel to Normandy for the ceremony commemorating the June 6, 1944, military landing.

The flight from America, in many ways, is a journey into the past: The planes will stop for fuel in Newfoundland, Greenland, Iceland, Scotland and England, retracing the route used when the planes were brought to the European theater during World War II.

“There have not been this many Dakotas crossing the Atlantic since the war,” said Steve Lashley, the director of communications for the D-Day Squadron. “People are going to be able to look up and see something they’ve never seen before.”

Saturday’s display was just a fraction of the size of the aerial armada on D-Day, when more than 800 Dakotas and other aircraft filled the sky.

“That’s why we’re doing this mission, we’re bringing history to life,” said Andy Maag, who is flying a C-47 named That’s All, Brother.

Standing beside one of the restored twin-engine Dakotas at Waterbury-Oxford Airport, Hamilton was wearing khaki pants, a military cap and an Eisenhower jacket that displayed his many medals. He held a cane that seemed as much for swagger as for support, and he laughed at the suggestion that he was an object of living history, asking, “Am I a symbol?”

His companion, Kay Nehring, told him that, yes, he was — and a celebrity, too.

“It’s like showing up with the World War II version of Elvis,” Nehring said of her outings with Hamilton.

During the war, Hamilton was trained in England as a pathfinder, a designation for specially trained paratroopers and their pilots. Hamilton made a few practice jumps before commanding the flight that delivered his fellow pathfinders to the battlefield. His plane, one of the first in France on D-Day, was hit by gunfire.

“They put about 200 holes in my airplane and they didn’t break a cable, they didn’t hit anybody,” he said.

But as he prepared to fly back to England, he said his co-pilot warned him, “You better lift your right wing. You’re going to take the steeple off the church of Sainte-Mère-Église.”

Members of the D-Day Squadron noted the inexorable loss of veterans like Hamilton, and the importance of marking the 75th anniversary of the military landing on June 6, 1944.

“This is our last chance to honor the members of the greatest generation while they’re with us,” Lashley said. “The 80th will be too late.”

The planes in the D-Day Squadron, some of which started as DC-3 airliners that the military converted to troop carriers, are all owned by nonprofit organizations or individuals.

The total cost of the voyage is estimated to be about $3 million, including fuel costs of about $2 million, said Eric Zipkin, whose Tunison Foundation owns one of the C-47 planes, the Placid Lassie. A group of people associated with the airplanes are funding the trip, Zipkin said.

Each of the airplanes departed with extras of everything that could break or need replacement, from tiny gaskets to large tires. Extra time was built into the schedule, too. While most of the plane’s flight controls are 1930s-era technology, the latest navigation and communication equipment with its colorful displays peek out amid the circular analog dials on the flight decks. Every airplane is equipped with life rafts and survival suits.

“This is dangerous,” said Len Roberto, a member of the board of directors of the Connecticut Air and Space Center. “It is not an easy journey in a 75-year-old airplane.”

While the focus is on the veterans and the airplanes they flew, Gregory Crouch, a U.S. Military Academy graduate and the author of “China’s Wings,” which showcases the use of C-47 and DC-3s during the war, points out that tributes like this are especially important in today’s political climate.

“Our modern politics are so divisive. We have a hard time feeling like we’ve got anything in common with the other side, let alone like we’re on the same team,” Crouch said.

“But what a spectacular combined effort World War II was, both domestically and internationally. We built this incredible alliance that fought for the future of civilization. And won.”

This article originally appeared in <a id="79f1a2e2-eac0-3796-a324-a602b8871780" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/19/nyregion/d-day-squadron-anniversary.html">The New York Times</a>.

D-Day Squadron Takes to the Skies, 75 Years Later

OXFORD, Conn. — Dave Hamilton’s most notable flight was 75 years ago, when he was just 21 years old.

D-Day Squadron takes to the skies, 75 years later

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Christine Negroni

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Everything Is Bigger at Open-Air Museums

D-Day Squadron takes to the skies, 75 years later